MISHKAT

MISHKAT

A Comparative Re-reading of “Seven Heavens” in Light of Exegetical Views and Modern Discoveries of Earth’s Atmospheric Layers: A Case Study of Verses 2:29 (al-Baqarah), 41:12 (Fussilat), and 65:12 (al-Talaq)

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Hadi Ensaf 1
Zahra Ghasemnejad 2
1 Faculty of Theology,Shiraz, Shiraz university, Iran
2 Qur’anic and Hadith Sciences, Theology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
10.22034/mishkat.2026.552097.2676
Abstract
This research was undertaken with the aim of re-examining the Qur’anic concept of “seven heavens,” a topic that has consistently posed challenges when compared with modern scientific findings. The need for such a study stems from the diversity of interpretations regarding verses 2:29 of al-Baqarah, 41:12 of Fussilat, and 65:12 of al-Talaq, which calls for a coherent approach to prevent hasty correlations or unwarranted opposition to scientific knowledge. Using an analytical–comparative method, this study explores the lexical and functional dimensions of samā’ and sab‘ in the Qur’an and exegetical literature, and then engages in a comparative analysis with recent discoveries about Earth’s atmospheric layers.

The main findings indicate that “seven heavens” can be aligned with the seven vital layers of Earth’s atmosphere (from the troposphere to the magnetosphere). This correspondence relates not only to the number of layers but also to their protective roles, reflected in the Qur’anic notion of a “well-guarded canopy.” By emphasizing the meaning of sab‘ as denoting multiplicity and completeness, the study offers a flexible and enduring interpretive framework capable of accommodating future scientific advancements.
Keywords
"Scientific miracle of the Quran
Seven Heavens
atmospheric layers
comparative exegesis
atmospheric science"
Subjects
MISHKAT

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 16 May 2026